Egypt holds a vital position in global migration, serving both as a source of migrants and a transit hub for those heading to Europe. Key issues driving Egyptians to seek better lives abroad include overpopulation and poverty. While the official unemployment rate is 7.1%, many experience hidden unemployment due to subsidized government jobs. With about 25% of the population living on less than $3.65 daily, economic hardships are prevalent. Cairo, housing over 20 million people, highlights stark contrasts between affluent neighborhoods and overcrowded areas where some sleep outdoors. Egypt’s population has surged from 77.5 million two decades ago to 114.5 million today, with projections reaching 205 million by 2100.
Legal migration from Egypt primarily targets the Gulf countries, where over 14 million Egyptians resided by 2023, contributing €25 billion in remittances to the economy. This ranks Egypt sixth globally in remittance income, with Saudi Arabia hosting the largest diaspora of 1.5 million people. Libya, once a favored destination for Egyptian workers, now accommodates far fewer due to ongoing conflicts. Additionally, many Egyptians migrate to Jordan, Sudan, the U.S., and Canada.
Europe also remains a desirable destination. From 2014 to 2023, Egyptians submitted over 1.5 million Schengen visa applications, with approval rates declining due to stricter EU policies. While Germany has seen rising interest, some Egyptians resort to dubious means like sham marriages or overstaying visas to navigate the system. Notable incidents, such as sports team members disappearing after arriving in Europe, underscore the complexities surrounding migration patterns.
Illegal migration adds further challenges. Between 2009 and 2024, more than 71,200 Egyptians entered Europe illegally, primarily via Turkey, Greece, or Libya. Migrants risk their lives and pay exorbitant fees to smugglers, often resulting in debt and exposure to abuse. Egypt also serves as a transit point for migrants from the Horn of Africa and Palestine, many of whom face discrimination and mistreatment. Corruption within Egyptian institutions exacerbates the problem, with asylum decisions allegedly sold, enabling fraudulent travel to Western nations.
To curb illegal migration, Egypt has partnered with countries like Germany and Italy and secured €7.4 billion in EU support for border controls. While these efforts have reduced illegal crossings, they have raised concerns over human rights violations. Migrants often endure harsh treatment, both from smugglers and within Egyptian society, pushing them toward dangerous routes in pursuit of dignity and better opportunities.
Sustainable migration solutions require comprehensive strategies. The EU must link financial aid to measurable improvements in migrant treatment and anti-racism initiatives. Investment in Egypt’s industrial and job sectors could alleviate economic pressures, benefiting locals and migrants alike. However, ensuring funds are not misused by elites remains a critical challenge. Collaborative efforts to dismantle smuggling networks must emphasize humane practices, balancing security with respect for human rights to create lasting migration solutions.